Excerpts adapted from the Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture series. Passages attributed to “Anonymous” are from unnamed Christian writers from the patristic era (2nd–8th century), preserved in a reliably ancient source.
Reading 1 (Isaiah 35:1-6a, 10)
Rejoice and Blossom. Eusebius of Caesarea: Here also the coming of God for salvation, bringing many blessings, is precisely foretold. The prophet says that there will be a cure for the deaf, sight for the blind, yes, even healing for the lame and tonguetied, and this was fulfilled only at the coming of our Savior Jesus Christ, by whom the eyes of the blind were opened, and the deaf regained their hearing. Why need I say, how many palsied and deaf and lame also received physical cure by the hands of his disciples? And how many others, afflicted with various diseases and maladies, received of him healing and salvation, according to the inspired prediction of prophecy and according to the unimpeachable testimony of the holy Gospels? And the prophecy here disguises under the name of “desert” the church of the Gentiles, which for long years deserted of God is being evangelized by those of whom we are speaking, and it says that besides other blessings the glory of Lebanon will be given to the desert. Now it is customary to call Jerusalem Lebanon allegorically, as I will show, when I have time, by proofs from holy Scripture. This prophecy before us, therefore, teaches that by God’s presence with men the glory of Lebanon will be given to that which is called “desert,” that is to say, the church of the Gentiles. Proof of the Gospel 6.21
The Soul That Is Parched. Gregory of Nyssa: And where shall we place that oracle of Isaiah, which cries to the wilderness, “Be glad, O thirsty wilderness. Let the desert rejoice and blossom as a lily, and the desolate places of Jordan shall blossom and shall rejoice”? For it is clear that it is not to places without soul or sense that he proclaims the good tidings of joy, but he speaks, by the figure of the desert, of the soul that is parched and unadorned. On the Baptism of Christ
The Excellence of Carmel. Gregory of Nyssa: And “the excellence of Carmel” is given to the soul that bears the likeness to the desert, that is, the grace bestowed through the Spirit. For since Elijah dwelt in Carmel, and the mountain became famous and renowned by the virtue of him who dwelt there, and since moreover John the Baptist, illustrious in the spirit of Elijah, sanctified the Jordan, therefore the prophet foretold that “the excellence of Carmel” should be given to the river. On the Baptism of Christ
The Glory of Lebanon. Gregory of Nyssa: And “the glory of Lebanon,” from the similitude of its lofty trees, he transfers to the river. For as great Lebanon presents a sufficient cause of wonder in the very trees that it brings forth and nourishes, so is the Jordan glorified by regenerating people and planting them in the paradise of God. And of them, as the words of the psalmist say, ever blooming and bearing the foliage of virtues, “the leaf shall not wither,” and God shall be glad, receiving their fruit in due season, rejoicing, like a good planter, in his own works. On the Baptism of Christ
Holiness in the Desert. Eusebius of Caesarea: Moreover, it is said in this prophecy that the glory of Lebanon and the honor of Carmel shall be given to this wilderness. What is the glory of Lebanon but the worship performed through the sacrifices of the Mosaic law, which God refused in the prophecy which says, “Why do you bring me Lebanon from Sheba? And of what service to me is the multitude of your sacrifices?” He has transferred the glory of Jerusalem to the desert of Jordan, since, from the times of John, the ritual of holiness began to be performed not at Jerusalem but in the desert. In like manner, too, the honor of the law and of its more external ordinances was transferred to the wilderness of Jordan for the same reason, namely, that they who need the healing of their souls no longer hastened to Jerusalem but to that which was called the wilderness, because there the forgiveness of sins was preached. Proof of the Gospel 9.6.
Judah Will Bear Fruit in the Desert. Bede: After John was killed, the Lord saw the time drawing near and withdrew to a deserted place called Bethsaida. This teaches mystically that a deserted Judah, which had beheaded its prophets by not believing them, would later become fruitful in the desert of a church that possessed no man of the Word. Hence, the beautiful Bethsaida means “house of fruitfulness.” For it was about it that Isaiah said, “The desert and the dry land will rejoice, and the wilderness will exult and bloom like the lily,” and again, “they will see the glory of the Lord and the beauty of our God.” Exposition of the Gospel of Luke 3.9.10
Glory at Christ’s Baptism. Eusebius of Caesarea: I believe the passage, “And my people shall see the glory of the Lord, and the majesty of God,” refers to the presence of our Savior at the baptism, because it was there that the glory of the Savior was seen. Proof of the Gospel 9.6
Judah Awestruck. Bede: Because a multitude of Gentiles followed it after Judah came to faith in the Lord’s incarnation and an astonished partaker of the same grace hastened its own unexpected conversion, Judah exclaimed in surprise, “Who is this that ascends from the desert, flowing with delights, leaning upon my beloved?” The church of the Gentiles ascends from the desert because the one who was deserted by its Creator for a very long time now arrives at his grace by the incremental steps of faith and good works, thus fulfilling what the prophet Isaiah said: “The desert and the dry land will rejoice, and the wilderness will exult and bloom like the lily.” Indeed, she is truly flowing with those delights about which the spouse spoke above: “How beautiful you are, and how lovely, my dear, with delights,” that is, with the delights of heavenly life. “Leaning upon my beloved” means leaning upon him without whose assistance she would be unable neither to ascend above nor to rise again, for we are unable to possess either advancement in the virtues or the beginning of faith itself unless the Lord bestows them upon us.
Therefore, Judah was even more awestruck by this grace of the Gentiles’ new conversion, a grace that it believed pertained only to itself and to those who were received in its rite through the mystery of circumcision, as the Acts of the Apostles made abundantly clear. Six Books on the Song of Songs 5.8.4-5
The Balm of Unspoiled Faith. Ambrose: Therefore the traders came from Gilead, that is, from their possessions of or dwelling in the law, and brought their wares to the church, so that that balm might heal the sins of the nations. Of them it is said, “Be strong, you hands that are feeble and you knees that are without strength.” The balm is unspoiled faith. Such a faith Peter exhibited when he said to the lame man, “In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, arise and walk.” And he arose and walked, as was right. Such a faith Peter had when he said to the paralytic, “Aeneas, the Lord Jesus heals you; get up and make your bed.” And he got up and made his bed. Such a faith he had when he said to the dead woman, “Arise in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.” And the departed woman arose. With the mortar made from this cement those stones are fastened together from which God is able to raise up children to Abraham. On Joseph 3.17
The Time of Grace Foretold. Chromatius of Aquileia: The grace of this time in which John was exhorting sinners to repentance and baptizing those who confessed their sins in the desert, Isaiah previously witnessed when he said, “The desert will rejoice and blossom like the lily. The desert of the Jordan will bloom and exult. Strengthen the hands of the abandoned and bolster their weak knees. You who are lowly of soul, be encouraged and do not fear.” Tractate on Matthew 10.1
The Footstep of the Spirit. Ambrose: Then let us flee the wickedness of this world, in which “the very days are evil,” and flee it relentlessly. On that account Isaiah cries out, “Be strong, you hands which are feeble and you knees which are without strength.” This means: Be strong, you knees, not of the body but of the soul, so that the footstep of the spirit can rise up straightway to the heights of heaven. Thus conduct will be more stable, life more mature, grace more abundant and discretion more guarded. Flight from the World 7.37
The Medicine of His Teaching. Eusebius of Caesarea: Now we have this prophecy fulfilled in the Gospels, partly, when they brought to our Lord and Savior a paralytic lying on a bed, who he made whole with a word; and partly, when many that were blind and possessed with demons, yes, laboring under various diseases and weaknesses, were released from their sufferings by his saving power. Nor should we forget how even now throughout the whole world multitudes bound by all forms of evil, full of ignorance of Almighty God in their souls, are healed and cured miraculously and beyond all argument by the medicine of his teaching. Except that now we call him God as we should, as one who can work thus, as I have already shown in the evidence of his divinity. Yes, surely it is right now to acknowledge him to be God, since he has given proof of power divine and truly inspired.
For it was specifically God’s work to give strength to the paralyzed, to give life to the dead, to supply health to the sick, to open the eyes of the blind, to restore the lame and to make the tonguetied speak plainly, all of which things were done by our Savior Jesus Christ, because he was God. And they have been witnessed to by many throughout all the world that preach him—whose evidence unvarnished and truthful is confirmed by trial of torture, and by persistence even to death, which they have shown forth before kings and rulers and all nations, witnessing to the truth of what they preach. Proof of the Gospel 9.13
By His Own Will. Quodvultdeus: “This is the will of my Father,” he said, “that all who see the Son and believe in him should have eternal life.” But notice that he who was sent also came by his own will, as the prophet Isaiah said: “Be encouraged, you who are lowly of soul, and do not fear. Behold, our God will bring judgment. God himself will come and save us.” On the Approach to Grace 1.14.12-1.15.1
God Will Come. Quodvultdeus: Christ said, “I am in the Father, and the Father is in me,” and “Whoever sees me, sees the Father.” The inclusion of just one syllable, “and,” distinguishes the Father from the Son. It also demonstrates that you possess neither the Father nor the Son. Tell me, Arian, do you refer to the Father as God? And how! But what about the Son? Him too I profess to be God. You will do well to acknowledge this also, for when his coming in the flesh was announced beforehand, the prophet said about him, “Be encouraged, you who are lowly of soul, and do not fear. Behold, your God will bring the vengeance of retribution. God himself will come and save us.” Against Five Heresies 6.38-39
Preaching and Power. Tertullian: The actions of Christ must be seen alongside the rule of the Scriptures. Unless I am mistaken, we see that Christ’s work consisted of two actions: preaching and power. Let us look at each of these in the order we have just listed them. First, Christ was announced as a preacher. Isaiah said, “Cry out loud, and do not hold back. Lift up your voice as a trumpet, and declare to my people their crimes and to the house of Jacob their sins. Then seek me day by day and desire to learn my ways, as a nation that has done righteousness and has not forsaken the judgment of God,” and so forth. Second, it was announced that Christ would do acts of power from the Father. Isaiah said, “Behold, our God will come with judgment; he will come and save us. Then the sick will be healed, the eyes of the blind will see, the ears of the deaf will hear, the mute will speak, and the lame will leap as a deer.” An Answer to the Jews 9
Other Marvels. Chrysostom: And Isaiah went on to tell of other marvels and showed how Christ cured the lame, how he made the blind to see, and the mute to speak: “Then will the eyes of the blind be opened, then will the ears of the deaf hear.” And thereafter he spoke of the other marvels: “Then will the lame man leap like a stag, and the tongue of those with impediments of speech will be clear and distinct.” And this did not happen until his coming. Demonstration Against the Pagans 3.9
Sight to the Blind. Chromatius of Aquileia: Although these blind men had no bodily eyes, they had the vision of faith and heart with which they were able to see the true and eternal Light, the Son of God, about whom it is written: “He was the true light which illumines everyone, coming into the world.” It was he who had predicted through the prophet Isaiah that he would come to give sight to the blind: “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me because he has anointed me. He has sent me to evangelize the poor and to restore sight to the blind.” Again Isaiah testified about the same one elsewhere: “Behold, our God will restore justice; he will come and save us. Then the eyes of the blind will be opened and the ears of the deaf will hear.” David also bore witness to him, saying through the Holy Spirit: “The Lord raises up the downcast, the Lord frees the imprisoned, the Lord gives sight to the blind.” Tractate on Matthew 48.1
Miraculous Works. Leo the Great: “God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself,” and the Creator himself was wearing the creature which was to be restored to the image of its Creator. And after the divinely miraculous works had been performed, the performance of which the spirit of prophecy had once predicted, “then shall the eyes of the blind be opened and the ears of the deaf shall hear; then shall the lame man leap like a deer, and the tongue of the dumb shall speak plainly.” Sermon 54.4
If we look closely, we can also recognize the sacraments prefigured mystically in him, for the lame man received healing while looking toward Peter and John when he was at the Beautiful Gate of the temple. We too were lame prior to coming to the knowledge of Christ, in the sense that we were limping along the way of righteousness. Our halting strides were not those of the body, however, but those of the interior life. Whoever has gone astray from the way of righteousness or from the way of truth is altogether lame, even if his feet and legs are healthy, since he limps with his mind and soul. For the journey of faith and truth is traveled not with bodily steps but with strides of the interior life. Sermon 1.3-4
The Lame One Leaps. Athanasius: Now what can they [i.e., those who deny the incarnation] say to this, or how can they dare to face this at all? For the prophecy not only indicated that God is to sojourn here but also announces the signs and the time of his coming. For they connect the blind recovering their sight, and the lame walking, and the deaf hearing, and the tongue of the one who stammers being made plain, with the divine coming which is to take place. Let them say, then, when such signs have come to pass in Israel, or where in Judah anything of the sort has occurred. Naaman, a leper, was cleansed, but no deaf man heard nor lame walked. Elijah raised a dead man; so did Elisha; but none blind from birth regained his sight. For in good truth, to raise a dead man is a great thing, but it is not like the wonder wrought by the Savior. Only, if Scripture has not passed over the case of the leper and of the dead son of the widow, certainly had it come to pass that a lame man also had walked and a blind man recovered his sight, the narrative would not have omitted to mention this also. Since, then, nothing is said in the [Old Testament] Scriptures, it is evident that these things had never taken place before. When, then, have they taken place, save when the Word of God himself came in the body? Or when did he come, if not when lame men walked, and those who stammer were made to speak plainly, and deaf men heard, and men blind from birth regained their sight? On the Incarnation 38
The Wondrous Life to Come. Chrysostom: I ask you to consider the condition of the other life, so far as it is possible to consider it; for no words will suffice for an adequate description. But from the things which are told us, as if by means of certain riddles, let us try and get some indistinct vision of it. “Pain and sorrow and sighing,” we read, “have fled away.” What then could be more blessed than this life? It is not possible there to fear poverty and disease. It is not possible to see any one injuring or being injured, provoking or being provoked, or angry, or envious, or burning with any outrageous lust, or anxious concerning the supply of the necessities of life, or bemoaning himself over the loss of some dignity and power. For all the tempest of passion in us is quelled and brought to nothing, and all will be in a condition of peace and gladness and joy, all things serene and tranquil, all will be daylight and brightness, and light, not this present light but one excelling this in splendor as much as daylight is brighter than a lamp. For things are not concealed in that world by night or by a gathering of clouds. Bodies there are not set on fire and burned. For there is neither night nor evening there, nor cold nor heat, nor any other variation of seasons. But the condition is of a different kind, such as only they will know who have been deemed worthy of it. There is no old age there, nor any of the evils of old age, but all things relating to decay are utterly removed, and incorruptible glory reigns in every part. But greater than all these things is the perpetual enjoyment of relationship with Christ in the company of angels and archangels and the higher powers. Letter to the Fallen Theodore 1.11
Sorrows Shall Pass Away. Caesarius of Arles: The world is indeed harassed by the evil lives and statements of many people. This attack upon the good and the bad is just like when mud and an ointment are blown on the same wind; the one exhales a foul odor, while the other has a sweet fragrance. In order that everyone may understand this, I will reveal it more explicitly to you, my friend. Good and bad people are two urns, one of which contains rottenness, the other precious spices. When they are blown by the same fan, the urn that has spices gives forth a desirable fragrance, while the one that is a sewer returns an unbearable stench. Similarly, both good and bad people are troubled but are distinguished by the penetrating judgment of God. Whenever tribulation comes to the world, the good like a holy vessel thank God who has deigned to chastise them; those who are proud, dissolute or avaricious on the contrary blaspheme and murmur against God, saying, O God, what great evil have we done that we should suffer such calamities? Therefore, even if the good die in the midst of adversities, they will end a life full of labors and miseries but will receive eternal life from which “sorrow and mourning shall flee away.” Unfaithful souls refuse to believe this, and while fettered with love for this life, they cannot keep it but lose it by their infidelity. Sermon 70.1
Fuel for Eternal Fire. John of Damascus: You are about to journey a long road, and you need many supplies. You shall arrive at the place eternal that has two regions, wherein are many mansions; one of which places God has prepared for them that love him and keep his commandments, full of all manner of good things. And they that attain to it shall live for ever in incorruption, enjoying immortality without death, where pain and sorrow and sighing are fled away. But the other place is full of darkness and tribulation and pain, prepared for the devil and his angels. In it also they shall be cast who by evil deeds have deserved it, who have bartered the incorruptible and eternal for the present world and have made themselves fuel for eternal fire. Barlaam and Joseph 14.124
Tears Shall Cease. Tertullian: “Everlasting joy,” says Isaiah, “shall be upon their heads.” Well, there is nothing eternal until after the resurrection. “And sorrow and sighing,” he continues, “shall flee away.” The angel echoes the same to John: “And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes,” from the same eyes indeed which had formerly wept and which might weep again if the loving kindness of God did not dry up every fountain of tears. And again: “God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death,” and therefore no more corruption, it being chased away by incorruption, even as death is by immortality. On the Resurrection of the Flesh 58
The Home of the Virtues. John Cassian: And in fact, if we look with the elevated gaze of our mind at the condition wherein the heavenly and supernal virtues that are truly in the kingdom of God make their home, what else should it be thought to be than perpetual and continual joy? For what belongs so much to true blessedness and so befits it as continual tranquility and everlasting joy? . . . “They shall receive joy and gladness; sorrow and groaning shall flee away.” Conference 1.13.3-4
The End Will Come. Ambrose: [God] is the same one who said to Jeremiah, “Behold, I place my words in your mouth as a fire.” David, therefore, also received this tongue of fire, so that he could speak of divine knowledge while enkindled with zeal: “Make known to me my end, O Lord.” He was not here asking about his own death or about the final resurrection. He was inquiring into that end of which the apostle spoke: “For the end will come when the Lord Jesus hands over the kingdom to God the Father and when he destroys every principality and power and when death is the last of all things to be destroyed,” such that evil is defeated and eternal goodness is ignited. Therefore it was said, “Pain and wailing will flee.” Explanation of the Twelve Psalms 38.16
Perpetual and Lasting Joy. John Cassian: For by these tokens the kingdom of God and the kingdom of the devil are distinguished: and in truth if lifting up our mental gaze on high we would consider that state in which the heavenly powers live on high, who are truly in the kingdom of God, what should we imagine it to be except perpetual and lasting joy? For what is so specially peculiar and appropriate to true blessedness as constant calm and eternal joy? And that you may be quite sure that this, which we say, is really so, not on my own authority but on that of the Lord, hear how very clearly he describes the character and condition of that world. “Behold,” he says, “I create new heavens and a new earth; and the former things shall not be remembered nor come into mind. But you shall be glad and rejoice forever in that which I create.” And again “joy and gladness shall be found therein: thanksgiving and the voice of praise, and there shall be month after month, and sabbath after sabbath.” And again: “They shall obtain joy and gladness; and sorrow and sighing shall flee away.” And if you want to know more definitely about that life and the city of the saints, hear what the voice of the Lord proclaims to the heavenly Jerusalem: “I will make,” he says, “your officers peace and your overseers righteousness. Violence shall no more be heard in your land, desolation nor destruction within your borders. And salvation shall take possession of your walls, and praise of your gates.” Conference 1.13
Death Is Swallowed Up in Victory. Fulgentius of Ruspe: When death is swallowed up in victory, therefore, there will be no corruption of body or soul, for when all iniquity has been removed from us, no infirmity will remain. Indeed, it is about such matters that Isaiah said, “They will obtain joy and gladness; and pain and moaning will flee from them.” Three Books to Trasamundus 3.19.3
Endure to the End. Primasius: “The one who endures to the end will be saved.” By still referring to this the text goes on reading: “On either side of the river is the tree of life with its twelve kinds of fruit, producing its fruit each month; and the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations. Nothing accursed will be found there anymore.” In the twelve months he suggests the idea of all times and designates eternity. Therefore where there is eternal greenness, no aridity will ever be allowed to exist. Where there is perfect and sound health, no infirmity is ever admitted, and also the prophet promises this by saying, “They shall obtain joy and gladness, and sorrow and sighing shall flee away.” “The tree” is the one that we read to be “planted by streams of water,” about which also Jeremiah says “that it sends out its roots by the stream,” that is, places its hope and confidence in the Lord. In another sense the river of the water of life is recognized to signify rightly the fountain itself of life, that is, the Lord Jesus Christ, about whom we read, “For with you is the fountain of life; in your light we see light.” Commentary on the Apocalypse 5.22
Psalm (146:6-10)
Praising God will not cease when we die; rather the next life will be characterized by our seeing, loving and praising God forever and ever (AUGUSTINE). God brought to justice the enemies and persecutors of Christians and then brought about a reversal of fortune for Christians in the famous Edict of Milan (EUSEBIUS). When a Christian compares his lot with that of successful pagans, he wonders what the benefit of his faith is. The benefit is that he will live eternally, while the unbeliever will die eternally. Like Lazarus in the New Testament parable, whose name means “helped,” Godfearing people will be helped by the true Savior to receive eternal life (AUGUSTINE). Although the word spirit has many uses, which must be correctly distinguished, the “spirit” that departs at death is the soul of a person (CYRIL OF JERUSALEM). No one should be so foolish and negligent of his soul’s well-being as to believe that his existence ends at the time of his temporal death (AUGUSTINE). It is imperative that we never doubt that the triune God created all things (FULGENTIUS).
The church never stops praying for and having compassion on those who have lapsed from faith because, as long as they are alive, there is hope for their conversion (LEO). God promises kindness and help to those suffering calamity, and there are many examples that he keeps his promises when people often lose hope (GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS). All spiritual blessings come from God and are not the result of human effort (CASSIAN). God has promised to provide for children and wives when their father and husband has been taken from them (CHRYSOSTOM). Although it is natural to be saddened by the death of a loved one or the unfortunate condition of orphans and widows, we must trust in the unfailing providence of God, especially in the knowledge that eternal life awaits the faithful (THEODORET).
Put not your trust in princes,
In the sons of men who cannot save.
His breath shall depart and he shall return to his earth.
In that day all his thoughts shall perish.
When the impious were thus removed, the rule that belonged to them was preserved secure and undisputed for Constantine and Licinius alone. They had made it their priority to purge the world of hostility to God, and, acknowledging the blessings he had conferred on them, they showed their love of virtue and of God, their devotion and gratitude to the Deity, through their edict in behalf of the Christians. ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY 9.11.
DO NOT PUT YOUR TRUST IN PRINCES. AUGUSTINE: A Christian sees this, poor, proletarian, moaning and groaning at his daily drudgery, and perhaps he says to himself, “What’s the good of my having become a Christian? Has it made me any better off than that fellow who isn’t, than that guy who doesn’t believe in Christ, than that so-and-so who blasphemes my God?” That psalm warns him, “Do not put your trust in princes.” Why do you take pleasure in the flower of the field? “All flesh is grass,” says the prophet. He does not merely say it, he shouts it. The Lord shouts to him: “Shout,” he says. And he answers, “What shall I shout? All flesh is grass, and all the honor of the flesh as the flower of the field. The grass has withered, the flower fallen.” So has everything perished then? Heaven forbid! “But the word of the Lord abides forever.” Why take pleasure in grass? Look, the grass has perished. Do you want to avoid perishing? Hold fast to the Word. So too in this psalm. Perhaps a poor, lowly Christian had his eyes fixed on a pagan, rich and powerful perhaps, had his eyes fixed on the flower of the field, and was perhaps halfway to choosing him for a patron rather than God. The psalm has a word for this person: “Do not put your trust in princes and in the sons of people, in whom there is no help.” He immediately replies, “It cannot be speaking of this person, can it? He was very well off. Look how healthy he is. This very day I see him flourishing. It is me, rather, who am constantly and miserably ill.” Why are you obsessed with these things as the only means of pleasure and satisfaction? That is not wellbeing. “His spirit will go out, and he will return to his earth.” SERMON 33A.3.
GOD IS OUR HELPER. AUGUSTINE: There can be no doubt, of course, that the poor man being Godfearing, while trapped in his temporal miseries, was thinking how this life must end sometime and how eternal rest is to be gained. They both died, but that poor man’s thoughts did not perish on that day. You see, it happened that the beggar died and was taken away by the angels to Abraham’s bosom. On that day all his thoughts were healed. And because Lazarus translated into English means “Helped”—if you are called Lazarus in Hebrew, you are called “Helped” in English—this psalm has rightly advised us, “Blessed is he whose helper is the God of Jacob.” When his spirit goes out and his flesh returns to its earth, his thoughts will not perish, because “his hope is in the Lord his God.” This is the lesson learned in the school of Christ the teacher, this is what is hoped for by the heart of the faithful hearer, this is the reward of the only true savior.” SERMON 33A.4.
UNDERSTANDING THE WORD SPIRIT. CYRIL OF JERUSALEM: There are many uses of the word spirit in general in the sacred Scriptures, and a person could easily become confused from ignorance, if he did not know to what sort of spirit the particular text refers. Therefore, we must be sure of the nature of the Holy Spirit according to Scripture. For example Aaron is called Christ (anointed), and David also, and Saul and others are called Christs, yet there is only one true Christ; similarly since the name of spirit has been given to many things, we must determine what in particular is called the Holy Spirit. Many things are called spirits; our soul is called spirit; this wind that is blowing is called spirit; great valor is called spirit; impure action is called spirit; and a hostile devil is called spirit. Take care, therefore, when you hear such things, not to mistake one for another because of the similarity of name. Scripture says of the soul, “When his spirit departs he returns to the earth”; and again of the soul, “Who forms the spirit of a person within him.” It says in the Psalms of the angels, “Who make your angels spirits”; it says of the wind: “With a vehement spirit you shall break in pieces the ships of Tharsis”; and “As the trees of the woods are moved with the spirit”; and “Fire, hail, snow, ice, spirit of storm.” Our Lord says of his blessed teaching: “The words that I have spoken to you are spirit and life,” that is, they are spiritual. The Holy Spirit is not an utterance of the tongue; he is living, granting wise speech, speaking and discoursing himself. CATECHETICAL LECTURES 16.13.
BE CONCERNED ABOUT THE FUTURE OF YOUR SOUL. AUGUSTINE: “I am afraid,” says the apostle, “that just as the serpent led Eve astray by his cunning, in the same way your minds too may be corrupted from the chastity that is in Christ.” Now the minds of these people are corrupted by that sort of conversation, “Let us eat and drink; for tomorrow we die.” Those who love these things, who pursue these things, who assume this is the only life there is, who hope for nothing further, who either do not pray to God or pray to him for this life alone, who find any talk of diligence very tedious, will be very downcast when they hear me saying all this. They want to eat and drink, for tomorrow they die. If only they would give genuine thought to the fact that they are going to die tomorrow! Can there be any, after all, so mindless, so perverse, so hostile to their own souls, that they do not reflect, when they are about to die the next day, on how everything they have worked for has come to an end? That, you see, is what is written: “On that day shall all his schemes come to nothing.” SERMON 361.5
THE TRIUNE GOD CREATED HEAVEN AND EARTH. FULGENTIUS OF RUSPE: Hold most firmly and never doubt that the holy Trinity, the only true God, is the Creator of all things, visible and invisible—concerning which it is said in the psalms, “Happy are those whose help is the God of Jacob, whose hope is in the Lord their God who made heaven and earth, the sea and all that is in them.” Concerning this the apostle too says, “For from him and through him and in him are all things. To him be glory forever.” TO PETER ON THE FAITH 4.51
UNHOPED FOR RECOVERY FROM MISFORTUNE. GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS: She owed her recovery to none other than to [God] with the result that people were no less impressed by her unexpected recovery than by her misfortune. They concluded that the tragedy had happened for her glorification through sufferings—the suffering being human, the recovery superhuman. This will provide a lesson for people in the future who exhibit a high degree of faith in the midst of suffering and patience in calamity, but in a still higher degree experience the kindness of God that she received. To God’s beautiful promise to the righteous “though he fall, he shall not be utterly broken,” has been added a more recent one, “though he be utterly broken, he shall speedily be raised up and glorified.” For if her misfortune was unreasonable, her recovery was extraordinary, so that health soon replaced the injury, and the cure became more celebrated than the illness. ON HIS SISTER ST. GORGIANA, ORATION 8.15
GOD ALONE IS THE SOURCE OF ALL BLESSINGS. JOHN CASSIAN: For it is not free will but the Lord who “looses those who are bound.” It is not our strength, but the Lord who “raises those who have fallen.” It is not our diligence in reading, but “the Lord who enlightens the blind” where the Greek says kyrios sophoi typhlous, that is, “the Lord makes wise the blind.” It is not our care, but “the Lord who cares for the stranger.” It is not our courage, but “the Lord who assists (or supports) all those who are down.” CONFERENCES 3.15.3
CARE FOR THE FATHERLESS AND WIDOWS. CHRYSOSTOM: For as long as your blessed husband was with you, you enjoyed honor and care and zealous attention. In fact you enjoyed such as you might expect to enjoy from a husband; but, since God took him to himself, [God] has taken his place with you. And this is not my saying but that of the blessed prophet David, for he says, “He will take up the fatherless and the widow,” and elsewhere he calls him “father of the fatherless and judge of the widow.” Thus in many passages you will see that he is earnestly concerned about the cause of this class of people. LETTER TO A YOUNG WIDOW 1
GOD IS THE GUARDIAN OF ORPHANS AND WIDOWS. THEODORET OF CYR: But what excuse for despondency will we have left if we take to heart God’s own promises and the hopes of Christians: the resurrection, I mean, eternal life, continuance in the kingdom, and all that “eye has not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of people, the things that God has prepared for them that love him”? Does not the apostle say emphatically, “I would not have you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning them which are asleep, that you sorrow not even as others which have no hope”? I have known many people who even without hope have got the better of their grief by the strength of reason alone, and it would indeed be extraordinary if they who are supported by such a hope should prove weaker than they who have no hope at all. Let us then, I implore you, look at the end as a long journey. When he went on a journey, we used indeed to be sorry, but we waited for his return. Now let the separation sadden us indeed in some degree, for I am not exhorting what is contrary to human nature, but do not let us wail as over a corpse; let us rather congratulate him on his setting forth and his departure hence, because he is now free from a world of uncertainties and fears no further change of soul or body or of corporeal conditions. The strife now ended, he waits for his reward. Do not grieve too much for orphans and widows. We have a greater Guardian whose law it is that all should take good care of orphans and widows and about whom the divine David says, “The Lord relieves the fatherless and widow, but the way of the wicked he turns upside down.” Only let us put the rudders of our lives in his hands, and we shall meet with an unfailing providence. His guardianship will be surer than can be that of any man, for his are the words “Can a woman forget her sucking child that she should not have compassion on the son of her womb? Yet will I not forget you.” He is nearer to us than father and mother for he is our Maker and Creator. It is not marriage that makes fathers, but fathers are made fathers at his will. LETTER 14
Reading 2 (James 5:7-10)
Stop Harming the Poor. Isho‘dad of Merv: James means that we should stop mocking the poor and doing them harm, complaining about them at the same time, because we shall be judged according to our cruelty and condemned by the righteous judge. Commentaries
Gospel (Matthew 11:2-11)
The Fathers offered various spiritual interpretations of this passage. As the law had announced Christ, predicted the forgiveness of sins and promised the kingdom of heaven, so John thoroughly accomplished all of this work. When the law’s embodiment was oppressed in prison, he sent a mission out to behold the good news (Hilary). Jesus answered nothing directly concerning his identity but left them to discern it from the miracles (Chrysostom). Jesus replied to John’s disciples: “You will be blessed if you take no offense at me” (Anonymous). Jesus defended John, signifying that he had not fallen away from his former confidence, nor had he changed his mind (Chrysostom). Remember that you did not go out into the wilderness to see a man like a reed who is blown about by every wind, so irresolute that he cannot make up his mind about what he previously predicted (Jerome). John is not a reed bending with each slight breeze of approval or rumor (Gregory the Great, Anonymous). John had already borne witness to Christ and in so doing received more from Christ than he gave. When John glorified Christ, he conferred human praise upon him; but Christ conferred divine glory on John (Anonymous). John is described as a messenger or an angel (Jerome). One is angelic who with his human nature passes into angelic holiness and attains by the grace of God what is not his by nature. Insofar as John was a man and yet called an angel, he was more glorious than if he had been an angel both in name and nature (Anonymous). Having said that he is greater than a prophet, Jesus signified in what way he is greater. In being so very near the One who was to come (Chrysostom), John attested the One who was born from a woman yet existed prior to the woman (Anonymous). Any saint present with God in heaven is greater than one who remains in the battle (Jerome). Compared with all born of women, John is the greatest, but compared with those who partake of the Spirit in the kingdom of heaven, John will be found to be the least (Theodore of Mopsuestia).
The glory pledged to Israel by the patriarchs, which the prophets announced and Christ offered, is now being seized and carried off by the Gentiles (Hilary). Some continue to seek to force their way into heaven by the merit of their works (Jerome). In saying that people of violence would try to take the kingdom by force, Jesus is thinking of a kind of Jewish legalism that did not believe in the way of Christ but also stood in others’ way (Cyril of Alexandria). “The days of John” are understood not chronologically in reference to time but in reference to the state of the soul in readiness to hear the divine Scripture (Origen). John the Baptist is called Elijah because he came in the spirit and goodness of Elijah and had the same grace and power of the Holy Spirit (Jerome, Apollinaris, Theodore of Mopsuestia). Just as when some children are dancing and others are singing a dirge, so the Jews underwent such an experience. They accepted neither the vigor of John nor the freedom of Christ (Cyril of Alexandria, Jerome).
John Sent Word by His Disciples. Theodore of Mopsuestia: About this text, some will argue, “When John sent his disciples, he was neither ignorant himself nor did he mean for them to learn, which seems clear to anyone who has entered to a certain extent into the meaning of the holy Scriptures.” But this is foolish, because when John was about to die and join the departed, he sent them to ask whether he was the one who was to come and free those who had been vanquished by death. In this way the good news was delivered to his disciples as well. John had already said, “Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world.” He already knew very well that the Messiah would offer his suffering up to God for the sake of all humanity. Certainly, if John indeed knew that Jesus was the Christ, he was not ignorant of the Christ. On the contrary, he knew exactly what benefits were to come to humanity through him. John might seem to be telling different people different things in different contexts. Isn’t it true that John had so much knowledge about Christ that he said a great deal about him to various people? Isn’t it true that in accordance with the greater part of what John had said in his own testimony, he recognized Jesus as the deliverer of good news? It is hardly conceivable that John was ignorant about the Christ but now was guessing and wanted to find out for sure from him. That would be inconsistent. And who would, in the attempt to discover something so great, send along his disciples as if they were competent in themselves to teach and witness? There is another point being made here. The present life is the time when we must conduct ourselves responsibly. After death there is judgment and punishment. However, Christ’s death did not universally redeem the sins of all those who had already died. For when it is said that the bronze gates and iron bars were shattered, this is said because the body of Christ then appeared immortal for the first time and death was shown to be defeated. What does this mean, then? Were all people unrighteous before the coming of Christ? Not at all. Before Christ it was enough to refrain from idolatry and to worship the one true God in order to be saved. But now that alone is not enough. We must also know Christ personally. And so we must not imagine that someone will confess to Christ in hell, where even if all repent, no one is comforted. Fragment 57
Forerunner Even into Hell. Gregory the Great: It seems almost as if John did not know the one he had pointed out, as if he did not know whether he was the same person he had proclaimed by prophesying, by baptizing, by pointing him out! We can resolve this question more quickly if we reflect on the time and order of the events. For when John is standing beside the river Jordan, he declares that this is the Redeemer of the world. But when he has been thrown into jail, he asks whether they were to look for another or whether he had come. This is not because he doubts that he is the Redeemer of the world. John now wants to know whether he who had personally come into the world would also descend personally into the courts of hell. For John had preceded Christ into the world and announced him there. He was now dying and preceding him to the nether world. This is the context in which he asks, “Are you he who is to come, or shall we look for another?” But if he had spoken more fully he might have said, “Since you thought it worthy of yourself to be born for humanity, say whether you will also think it worthy of yourself to die for humanity. In this way I, who have been the herald of your birth, will also be the herald of your death. I will announce your arrival in the nether world as the One who is to come, just as I have already announced it on earth.” Forty Gospel Homilies 6.1
Blessed Is One Who Takes No Offense. Chrysostom: Jesus knew the mind of John who sent them, for he knew, as God knows, our inner thoughts. There he was, actively healing the blind, lame, and many others. He healed not to teach John, who was already convinced, but those who had come to him doubting. Having healed them he said, “Go and tell John what you hear and see: the blind receive their sight and the lame walk, lepers are cleansed and the deaf hear, and the dead are raised up, and the poor have good news preached to them.” And then he added pointedly, “And blessed is the one who takes no offense at me.” By saying this Jesus implied that he knew even his questioners’ unuttered thoughts. For if he had said simply “I am he,” this would have fallen short of overcoming their unstated sense of being offended. And it would have given fuel to some Jews who were already saying to him, “You bear record of yourself.” Hence he answered nothing directly concerning his identity but left them to learn of it from the miracles, freeing what he taught from suspicion and making it plainer. Then Jesus gently chided them for being silently offended in him. He made their case for them, leaving it to their own conscience alone to judge, calling no witness of his reprimand other than they themselves who knew what they had been thinking. For it was of their own inward offense that he was thinking when he said, “Blessed is the one who takes no offense at me.” In this way Christ drew them all the more closely to himself. The Gospel of Matthew, Homily 36.2
The Weakness of the Reed. Gregory the Great: He did not expect assent to this but denial. As soon as a slight breeze blows on a reed it bends away. What does the reed represent if not an unspiritual soul? As soon as it is touched by praise or slander, it turns in every direction. If a slight breeze of commendation comes from someone’s mouth, it is cheerful and proud, and it bends completely, so to speak, toward being pleasant. But if a gust of slander comes from the source from which the breeze of praise was coming, it is quickly turned in the opposite direction, toward raving anger. John was no reed, shaken by the wind. No one’s pleasant attitude made him agreeable, and no one’s anger made him bitter. Forty Gospel Homilies 6.2
A Man Clothed in Soft Raiment. Anonymous: “What did you go out into the wilderness to behold? A man clothed in soft raiment?” A lover of present pleasure who gladly made use of the earthly goods of the present. Didn’t you see that his garment was of camels’ hair, and he wore a leather girdle around his waist? And his food was locusts and wild honey. Thus by the testimony of his own way of life, Jesus condemned the world and its goods; yet he remained steadfastly in the world. However, he entered the world not in order to remain in it himself but to challenge the idolatry of the world’s riches. Jesus was born in the world, but he turned aside from the goods of the world. Again, although he was born in the world, he did not remain in it as a sinner; instead, in converting sinners to righteousness, he freed them from the world. For this wicked world has many pleasures with which to seduce people. Incomplete Work on Matthew, Homily 27
How John Is Greater Than a Prophet. Chrysostom: But suppose someone might say, “What if John had one opinion earlier but later changed his mind?” This is why Jesus spoke further about his garments, his imprisonment and his role in prophecy. Having said that he is greater than a prophet, Jesus signifies also in what way he is greater. And in what is he greater? In being so very near the One who was to come. For “behold, I send,” he says, “my messenger before your face,” which means in proximity to Messiah. For as with kings, those who ride near the chariot are more illustrious than the rest, just so John also appears in his course near the advent itself. The Gospel of Matthew, Homily 37.2
My Messenger Will Prepare the Way. Anonymous: Listen now and learn the real meaning of this. If it is not too bold to say so, I believe that insofar as John was a man and yet was called an angel because of his strength and his merit, he was more glorious than if he had been an angel both in name and nature. If an angel is called an angel, that is not so much a tribute to his merit as merely fitting to his nature. A man is miraculous, however, if with his human nature he passes into angelic holiness and attains by the grace of God what is not his by nature. Incomplete Work on Matthew, Homily 27
Moreover, the Scripture does not say that John was greater than the other saints but that “no one greater than John has arisen.” The text makes him equal to the others, not superior. However, righteousness is so deep that no one can be perfect in it except God alone. I think that in God’s own keen judgment, each of the saints may be viewed individually as greater or lesser. From this we conclude that if no one is greater than John, he is therefore greater than them all. Incomplete Work on Matthew, Homily 27
The Least in the Kingdom. Theodore of Mopsuestia: If John is being judged against other people according to being born from a woman, he will be found to be the greatest of them all. He alone was filled with the Holy Spirit inside his mother’s womb, so that he “leaped,” and his mother prophesied because she partook in this as well. But if John is judged in relation to those who are to partake of the Spirit in the kingdom of heaven, Jesus says, he will be found to be least. Thus Jesus says that John by no means partakes of such great grace as those who will be reborn into immortality after Jesus’ resurrection from the dead and that John will experience physical death. At that time, however, the Spirit’s abundance toward people will be so great that no one who has partaken of even the least part of it can afterward fall into death. Fragment 59
Already Serving God in Heaven. Jerome: “Yet he who is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he.” Now, many would like to interpret this with reference to the Savior, as meaning that the one lesser in age is the greater in worth. However, let us interpret it simply to mean that every saint who is already with God is greater than anyone who remains expectant, as yet in the battle. For it is one thing to possess the crown of victory, another to be still fighting in the ranks. Some conclude that the very newest angel who serves God in heaven is greater than any one, even the best, who dwells on the earth still in expectation. Commentary on Matthew 2.11.11
Jesus Is the Kingdom. Origen: The kingdom of heaven is Jesus the Christ himself, who exhorts all people to repentance and draws them to himself by love. Fragment 226
One response to “December 14, 2025 – Third Sunday of Advent”
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A Messenger to Prepare the Way: I Send My Messenger Before Your Face. Jerome: John [the Baptist] is greater than the other prophets for this reason:
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